Introduction to Time Series Using Stata

Introduction to Time Series Using Stata, Revised Edition, by Sean Becketti, is a practical guide to working with time-series data using Stata. In this book, Becketti introduces time-series techniques—from simple to complex—and explains how to implement them using Stata. The many worked examples, concise explanations that focus on intuition, and useful tips based on the author’s experience make the book insightful for students, academic researchers, and practitioners in industry and government.

 

Becketti is a financial industry veteran with decades of experience in academics, government, and private industry. He was also a developer of Stata in its infancy and has been a regular Stata user since its inception. He wrote many of the first time-series commands in Stata. With his abundant knowledge of Stata and extensive experience with real-world time-series applications, Becketti provides advice and examples that bring each chapter to life.

 

For those new to Stata, the book begins with a mild yet fast-paced introduction to Stata, highlighting all the features you need to know to get started using Stata for time-series analysis. Before diving into analysis of time series, Becketti includes a quick refresher on statistical foundations such as regression and hypothesis testing.

 

The discussion of time-series analysis begins with techniques for smoothing time series. As the moving-average and Holt–Winters techniques are introduced, Becketti explains the concepts of trends, cyclicality, and seasonality and shows how they can be extracted from a series. The book then illustrates how to use these methods for forecasting. Although these techniques are sometimes neglected in other time-series books, they are easy to implement, can be applied quickly, often produce forecasts just as good as more complicated techniques, and, as Becketti emphasizes, have the distinct advantage of being easily explained to colleagues and policy makers without backgrounds in statistics.

 

Next, the book focuses on single-equation time-series models. Becketti discusses regression analysis in the presence of autocorrelated disturbances as well as the ARIMA model and Box–Jenkins methodology. An entire chapter is devoted to applying these techniques to develop an ARIMA-based model of U.S. GDP; this will appeal to practitioners, in particular, because it goes step by step through a real-world example: here is my series, now how do I fit an ARIMA model to it? The discussion of single-equation models concludes with a self-contained summary of ARCH/GARCH modeling.

 

In the final portion of the book, Becketti discusses multiple-equation models. He introduces VAR models and uses a simple model of the U.S. economy to illustrate all key concepts, including model specification, Granger causality, impulse–response analyses, and forecasting. Attention then turns to nonstationary time-series. Becketti masterfully navigates the reader through the often-confusing task of specifying a VEC model, using an example based on construction wages in Washington, DC, and surrounding states.

 

Introduction to Time Series Using Stata, Revised Edition, by Sean Becketti, is a first-rate, example-based guide to time-series analysis and forecasting using Stata. Researchers and students learning to analyze time-series data and those wanting to implement time-series methods in Stata will want a copy of this book at hand.

 

© Copyright 1996–2023 StataCorp LLC

List of tables
List of figures
Preface (PDF)
Acknowledgments

 

1 Just enough Stata

1.1 Getting started

1.1.1 Action first, explanation later
1.1.2 Now some explanation
1.1.3 Navigating the interface
1.1.4 The gestalt of Stata
1.1.5 The parts of Stata speech

1.2 All about data
1.3 Looking at data
1.4 Statistics

1.4.1 Basics
1.4.2 Estimation

1.5 Odds and ends
1.6 Making a date

1.6.1 How to look good
1.6.2 Transformers

1.7 Typing dates and date variables
1.8 Looking ahead

 

2 Just enough statistics
2.1 Random variables and their moments
2.2 Hypothesis tests
2.3 Linear regression

2.3.1 Ordinary least squares
2.3.2 Instrumental variables
2.3.3 FGLS

2.4 Multiple-equation models
2.5 Time series

2.5.1 White noise, autocorrelation, and stationarity
2.5.2 ARMA models

 

3 Filtering time-series data

3.1 Preparing to analyze a time series

3.1.1 Questions for all types of data

How are the variables defined?
What is the relationship between the data and the phenomenon of interest?
Who compiled the data?
What processes generated the data?

3.1.2 Questions specifically for time-series data

What is the frequency of measurement?
Are the data seasonally adjusted?
Are the data revised?

3.2 The four components of a time series

Trend
Cycle
Seasonal

3.3 Some simple filters

3.3.1 Smoothing a trend
3.3.2 Smoothing a cycle
3.3.3 Smoothing a seasonal pattern
3.3.4 Smoothing real data

3.4 Additional filters

3.4.1 ma: Weighted moving averages
3.4.2 EWMAs

exponential: EWMAs
dexponential: Double-exponential moving averages

3.4.3 Holt–Winters smoothers

hwinters: Holt–Winters smoothers without a seasonal component
shwinters: Holt–Winters smoothers including a seasonal component

3.5 Points to remember

 

4 A first pass at forecasting

4.1 Forecast fundamentals

4.1.1 Types of forecasts
4.1.2 Measuring the quality of a forecast
4.1.3 Elements of a forecast

4.2 Filters that forecast

4.2.1 Forecasts based on EWMAs
4.2.2 Forecasting a trending series with a seasonal component

4.3 Points to remember
4.4 Looking ahead

 

5 Autocorrelated disturbances

5.1 Autocorrelation

5.1.1 Example: Mortgage rates

5.2 Regression models with autocorrelated disturbances

5.2.1 First-order autocorrelation
5.2.2 Example: Mortgage rates (cont.)

5.3 Testing for autocorrelation

5.3.1 Other tests

5.4 Estimation with first-order autocorrelated data

5.4.1 Model 1: Strictly exogenous regressors and autocorrelated disturbances

The OLS strategy
The transformation strategy
The FGLS strategy
Comparison of estimates of model 1

5.4.2 Model 2: A lagged dependent variable and i.i.d. errors
5.4.3 Model 3: A lagged dependent variable with AR(1) errors

The transformation strategy
The IV strategy

5.5 Estimating the mortgage rate equation
5.6 Points to remember

 

6 Univariate time-series models
6.1 The general linear process
6.2 Lag polynomials: Notation or prestidigitation?
6.3 The ARMA model
6.4 Stationarity and invertibility
6.5 What can ARMA models do?
6.6 Points to remember
6.7 Looking ahead

 

7 Modeling a real-world time series
7.1 Getting ready to model a time series
7.2 The Box–Jenkins approach
7.3 Specifying an ARMA model

7.3.1 Step 1: Induce stationarity (ARMA becomes ARIMA)
7.3.2 Step 2: Mind your p’s and q’s

7.4 Estimation
7.5 Looking for trouble: Model diagnostic checking

7.5.1 Overfitting
7.5.2 Tests of the residuals

7.6 Forecasting with ARIMA models
7.7 Comparing forecasts
7.8 Points to remember
7.9 What have we learned so far?
7.10 Looking ahead

 

8 Time-varying volatility
8.1 Examples of time-varying volatility
8.2 ARCH: A model of time-varying volatility
8.3 Extensions to the ARCH model

8.3.1 GARCH: Limiting the order of the model
8.3.2 Other extensions

Asymmetric responses to “news”
Variations in volatility affect the mean of the observable series
Nonnormal errors
Odds and ends

8.4 Points to remember

 

9 Models of multiple time series

9.1 Vector autoregressions

9.1.1 Three types of VARs

9.2 A VAR of the U.S. macroeconomy

9.2.1 Using Stata to estimate a reduced-form VAR
9.2.2 Testing a VAR for stationarity

Other tests

9.2.3 Forecasting

Evaluating a VAR forecast

9.3 Who’s on first?

9.3.1 Cross correlations
9.3.2 Summarizing temporal relationships in a VAR

Granger causality
How to impose order
FEVDs
Using Stata to calculate IRFs and FEVDs

9.4 SVARs

9.4.1 Examples of a short-run SVAR
9.4.2 Examples of a long-run SVAR

9.5 Points to remember
9.6 Looking ahead

 

10 Models of nonstationary time series
10.1 Trends and unit roots
10.2 Testing for unit roots
10.3 Cointegration: Looking for a long-term relationship
10.4 Cointegrating relationships and VECMs

10.4.1 Deterministic components in the VECM

10.5 From intuition to VECM: An example

Step 1: Confirm the unit root
Step 2: Identify the number of lags
Step 3: Identify the number of cointegrating relationships
Step 4: Fit a VECM
Step 5: Test for stability and white-noise residuals
Step 6: Review the model implications for reasonableness

10.6 Points to remember
10.7 Looking ahead

 

11 Closing observations
11.1 Making sense of it all
11.2 What did we miss?

11.2.1 Advanced time-series topics
11.2.2 Additional Stata time-series features

Data management tools and utilities
Univariate models
Multivariate models

11.3 Farewell

 

References

 

© Copyright 1996–2023 StataCorp LLC

Author: Sean Becketti
Edition: Revised Edition
ISBN-13: 978-1-59718-306-2
©Copyright: 2020
e-Book version available

Introduction to Time Series Using Stata, Revised Edition, by Sean Becketti, is a practical guide to working with time-series data using Stata. In this book, Becketti introduces time-series techniques—from simple to complex—and explains how to implement them using Stata. The many worked examples, concise explanations that focus on intuition, and useful tips based on the author’s experience make the book insightful for students, academic researchers, and practitioners in industry and government.